PRAGMATIC PSYCHOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS
TESTING AND EVALUATION SERVICES
1800 Martin Luther King Jr Pkwy, Ste 104, Durham, NC 27707
919-908-8674
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder typically characterized by inattentive, hyperactive and/or impulsive behaviors.
Anyone of any age can be diagnosed with ADHD. Children are more likely to be diagnosed with this condition, but it can continue into adulthood or even be first diagnosed in adults. While there is not one underlying cause of ADHD, some factors that may increase risk include:
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Genetics – those who have one or more blood relatives who have been diagnosed with ADHD are much more likely to be diagnosed themselves.
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Challenges to pregnancy and labor – this may include maternal drug, alcohol, or tobacco use as well as premature birth, low birth weight, and other issues surrounding birth and pregnancy.
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Chemical & toxin exposure – while there’s no exact, causal link between toxin and chemical exposure and ADHD, studies indicate a high number of people diagnosed with this condition have exposure to chemical or toxins, especially in childhood.
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Diagnosis with other conditions – conditions like learning disabilities, substance use disorders, anxiety, mood disorders, autism spectrum disorder, or tic disorders may contribute to a greater frequency of ADHD.
Because ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impacts multiple aspects of a person’s life, it can be difficult to diagnose without thorough assessment. There is not one test that can be given to confirm ADHD diagnosis. Instead, a battery of tests will be administered to ensure we have a conclusive answer that differentiates between other similar conditions and provides answer to the questions you have about the symptoms and experiences your child is dealing with that might be indicative of an ADHD diagnosis. Of the DSM-5 criteria outlined below, children (aged 17 or younger) must meet at least six of the criteria in one or both categories (inattention and hyperactivity) to be diagnosed with ADHD. Adults only need to meet five of the qualifying criteria in one or both categories to receive diagnosis. Additionally, our assessments take into consideration the fact that these diagnostic criteria may present differently in adults compared to children. For example, hyperactivity in children may be obvious, presenting as running around or always moving. In adults, hyperactivity may look like restlessness, talking too much, or irritating friends and loved ones with their inability to relax.
The DSM-5 lists three presentations of ADHD—Predominantly Inattentive, Hyperactive-Impulsive and Combined. The symptoms for each are adapted and summarized below.
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ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Presentation
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Fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes
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Has difficulty sustaining attention
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Does not appear to listen
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Struggles to follow through with instructions
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Has difficulty with organization
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Avoids or dislikes tasks requiring sustained mental effort
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Loses things
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Is easily distracted
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Is forgetful in daily activities
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ADHD Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation
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Fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in chair
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Has difficulty remaining seated
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Runs about or climbs excessively in children; extreme restlessness in adults
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Difficulty engaging in activities quietly
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Acts as if driven by a motor; adults will often feel inside as if they are driven by a motor
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Talks excessively
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Blurts out answers before questions have been completed
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Difficulty waiting or taking turns
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Interrupts or intrudes upon others